Free Essays on The Road Is Not Taken

Everyone is a traveler, choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous journey, life. There is never a straight path that leaves one with but a sole direction in which to head. In most poetry different people can choose certain characteristics that tend to appear in each piece of the Robert Frost’s work that they can relate to. In spite of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey in his poem, â€Å"The Road Not taken† has left its various readers with many different interpretations. The speaker is introduced as being faced with the decision of which path he will choose to travel. He has to choose only one path, therefore leaving one road that he will not get to experience. Furthermore, this poem clearly express’ Frost’s belief that it is the road that one chooses that makes him the man who he is; it is one’s past, present and the attitude with which he looks upon his future that determines the shadow of the light that he will see the poem in. It is always difficult to make a decision because it is impossible not to wonder about the opportunity cost, what will be missed out on. â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both...†(line2). There seems to be a strong sense of regret, disappointment and hesitancy before the choice is even made, it is impossible to travel down every path. In an attempt to make a decision, the traveler â€Å"looks down one as far as I could†. The road that will be chosen leads to unknown, as does any choice in life. As much he may strain his eyes to see as far the road stretches, eventually it goes beyond his vision and he can never see where it is going to lead him and the choice he made. It is the way that he chooses here that sets him off on his journey and decides where he is going. In our journey, we the travelers want to separate from others by choosing a path that has never been taken. Robert Frost emphasizes this idea by setting the two roads apart from one ano... Free Essays on The Road Is Not Taken Free Essays on The Road Is Not Taken Everyone is a traveler, choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous journey, life. There is never a straight path that leaves one with but a sole direction in which to head. In most poetry different people can choose certain characteristics that tend to appear in each piece of the Robert Frost’s work that they can relate to. In spite of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey in his poem, â€Å"The Road Not taken† has left its various readers with many different interpretations. The speaker is introduced as being faced with the decision of which path he will choose to travel. He has to choose only one path, therefore leaving one road that he will not get to experience. Furthermore, this poem clearly express’ Frost’s belief that it is the road that one chooses that makes him the man who he is; it is one’s past, present and the attitude with which he looks upon his future that determines the shadow of the light that he will see the poem in. It is always difficult to make a decision because it is impossible not to wonder about the opportunity cost, what will be missed out on. â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both...†(line2). There seems to be a strong sense of regret, disappointment and hesitancy before the choice is even made, it is impossible to travel down every path. In an attempt to make a decision, the traveler â€Å"looks down one as far as I could†. The road that will be chosen leads to unknown, as does any choice in life. As much he may strain his eyes to see as far the road stretches, eventually it goes beyond his vision and he can never see where it is going to lead him and the choice he made. It is the way that he chooses here that sets him off on his journey and decides where he is going. In our journey, we the travelers want to separate from others by choosing a path that has never been taken. Robert Frost emphasizes this idea by setting the two roads apart from one ano...

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 3

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 3 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In Chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby, we finally - finally! - we get to see one of Gatsby’s totally off the hook parties! And, it more than lives up to the hype as far as Nick is concerned. Even more excitingly, we finally get to meet the man, the myth, the legend himself - Gatsby, in the flesh! So why then does this reveal, which the novel has been building toward for 2.5 chapters, seem so anticlimactic? Read on for our Great GatsbyChapter 3 summary, coveringthe highs and lows of the Gatsby Saturday night experience. Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. The Great Gatsby: Chapter 3Summary Nick describes watching endless parties going on in Gatsby’s house every weekend. Guests party day and night and then on Mondays servants clean up the mess. Everything is about excess and a sense of overkill. Each weekend, guests are ferried back and forth to Manhattan by Rolls-Royce, crates of oranges and lemons are juiced, an army of caterers sets up tents and lighting, food is piled high, the bar is overwhelmingly stocked, and there is a huge band playing. It's an even bigger deal than it sounds because all this is happeningduring the Prohibition, when alcohol was supposedly unavailable. The first night Nick goes to Gatsby’s for a party, he’s one of a very few actually invited guests. Everyone else just crashes.At the party, Nick is ill at ease. He knows no one. There’s a surprising number of English people at the party, who seem desperate to get their hands on American money. No one knows where Gatsby himself is. Nick hangs out near the bar until he sees Jordan Baker.Nick and Jordan chat with other party people. A young woman tells them that at another one of these parties, when she ripped her dress by accident, Gatsby sent her a very expensive replacement.They gossip about what this odd behavior means. One rumor has it that Gatsby killed someone, another that he was a German spy. Food is served, which Nick and Jordan eat at a table full of people from East Egg, who look at this insane party with condescension. Theydecide to find Gatsby since Nick has never actually met him. In his mansion, they end up in the library, which has ornately carved bookshelves and reams of books.A man with owl-eyed spectacles enthuses about the fact that all these books are actually real – and about the fact that Gatsby hasn’t cut their pages (meaning he’s never read any of them). Back out in the garden, guests are now dancing, and several famous opera singers perform. Some partygoers also perform relatively risquà © acts. Nick and Jordan sit down at a table with a man who recognizes Nick from the army. After talking about the places in France where they were stationed during the war, the man reveals that he is Gatsby.Gatsby flashes the world’s greatest and most seductive (not sexually, just extremely appealingly) smile at Nick and leaves to take a phone call from Chicago. Nick demands more information about Gatsby from Jordan, who said that Gatsby calls himself an Oxford man (meaning, he went to the University of Oxford). Jordan says that she doesn’t believe this, and Nick lumps the info in with all the other rumors he’s heard (that Gatsby had killed a man, that he was Kaiser Wilhelm’s nephew, that he was a German spy, etc.). The orchestra strikes up the latest number one hit.Nick notices Gatsby looking over his guests with approval. Gatsby neither drinks, nor dances, nor flirts with anyone at the party. When Jordan is suddenly and mysteriously asked to speak to Gatsby alone, Nick watches a drunk guest weep and then pass out. He notices fights breaking out between other couples. Even the group of people from East Egg are no longer on their best behavior. Despite the fact that the party is clearly over, no one wants to leave.As Nick is getting his hat to leave, Gatsby and Jordan come out of the library. Jordan tells Nick that Gatsby has just told her something amazing – but she can’t reveal what. She gives Nick her number and leaves. Nick finds Gatsby, apologizes for not seeking him out earlier. Gatsby invites him to go out on his hydroplane the next day, and Nick leaves as Gatsby is summoned to a phone call from Philadelphia. He waves goodbye from the steps of his mansion, looking lonely. Outside, the man with the owl-eyed spectacles from the library has crashed his car. An even drunker man emerges from the driver’s seat of the wreck and is comically but also horrifyingly confused about what has happened. Suddenly, the narrative is interrupted by present-day Nick. He thinks that what he’s been writing is probably giving us the wrong idea. He wasn’t fixated on Gatsby during that summer – this fixation has only happened since then.That summer, he spent most of his time working at his second or third-tier bond trading company, Probity Trust, and had a relationship with a coworker. He started to really like the crowded and anonymous feel of Manhattan, but also felt lonely. In the middle of the summer, Nick reconnects with Jordan Baker and they start dating. He almost falls in love with her and discovers that under her veneer of boredom, Jordan is an incorrigible liar. She gets away with it because in the rigid upper-class code of behavior, calling a woman out as a liar would be improper. Nick suddenly remembers the story he had read about her golfing career: Jordan was accused of cheating by moving her ball to a better lie, but the witnesses later recanted and nothing was proven. When Nick complains that Jordan is a terrible driver, she answers that she relies on the other people on the road to be careful instead of her.Nick wants to take their relationship further, but reigns himself in because he hasn’t fully broken off the non-engagement back home that Tom and Daisy had asked him about earlier. He claims that he is one of the few honest people that he’s ever met. So, lots of car accidents, and talk about car accidents, all in the vicinity of alcohol? Can you say foreshadowing? Key Chapter 3 Quotes I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby's house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited- they went there. They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island and somehow they ended up at Gatsby's door. Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with amusement parks. Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all, came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission. (3.7) Gatsby’s parties are the epitome of anonymous, meaningless excess – so much so that people treat his house as a kind of public, or at least commercial, space rather than a private home. This is connected to the vulgarity of new money– you can’t imagine Tom and Daisy throwing a party like this. Or Nick for that matter. The random and meaningless indulgence of his parties further highlights Gatsby's isolation from true friends. As Jordan says later, large parties are great because they provide privacy/intimacy, so Gatsby stands alone in a sea of strangers having their own intimate moments. A stout, middle-aged man with enormous owl-eyed spectacles was sitting somewhat drunk on the edge of a great table, staring with unsteady concentration at the shelves of books. †¦He waved his hand toward the book-shelves. "About that. As a matter of fact you needn't bother to ascertain. I ascertained. They're real†¦."Absolutely real- have pages and everything. I thought they'd be a nice durable cardboard. Matter of fact, they're absolutely real. Pages and- Here! Lemme show you." Taking our skepticism for granted, he rushed to the bookcases and returned with Volume One of the "Stoddard Lectures." "See!" he cried triumphantly. "It's a bona fide piece of printed matter. It fooled me. This fella's a regular Belasco. It's a triumph. What thoroughness! What realism! Knew when to stop too- didn't cut the pages. But what do you want? What do you expect?" (3.41-50) Belasco was a renowned theatrical producer, so comparing Gatsby to him here is a way of describing the library as a stageset for a play – in other words, as a magnificent and convincing fake. This sea of unread books is either yet more tremendous waste of resources, or a kind of miniature example of the fact that a person’s core identity remains the same no matter how many layers of disguise are placed on top. Gatsby has the money to buy these books, but he lacks the interest, depth, time, or ambition to read and understand them, which is similar to how he regards his quest to get Daisy. He smiled understandingly- much more than understandingly. It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced- or seemed to face- the whole external world for an instant, and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just so far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself and assured you that it had precisely the impression of you that, at your best, you hoped to convey. Precisely at that point it vanished- and I was looking at an elegant young rough-neck, a year or two over thirty, whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd. Some time before he introduced himself I'd got a strong impression that he was picking his words with care. (3.76) Lots of Gatsby’s appeallies in his ability to instantly connect with the person he is speaking to, to make that person feel important and valued. This is probably what makes him a great front man for Wolfsheim’s bootlegging enterprise, and connects him with Daisy, who also has a preternaturally appealing quality – her voice. Dishonesty in a woman is a thing you never blame deeply- I was casually sorry, and then I forgot. (3.161) The offhanded misogyny of this remark that Nick makes about Jordan is telling in a novel where women are generally treated as objects at worst or lesser beings at best. Even our narrator, ostensibly a tolerant and nonjudgmental observer, here reveals a core of patriarchal assumptions that run deep. Every one suspects himself of at least one of the cardinal virtues, and this is mine: I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known. (3.171) There are layers of meaning and humor here. First, the humor: While in Christian tradition there is the concept of cardinal virtues, honesty is not one of them. So here, since the phrase â€Å"cardinal sin† is the more familiar concept, there is a small joke that Nick’s honesty is actually a negative quality, a burden. Nick is telling us about his scrupulous honesty a second after he’s revealed that he’s been writing love letters to a girl back home every week despite wanting to end their relationship, and despite dating a girl at his office, and then dating Jordan in the meantime. So honesty to Nick doesn’t really mean what it might to most people. Second, the meaning: What does it mean to have our narrator tell us in one breath that he is honest to a fault, and that he doesn’t think that most other people are honest? This sounds like a humblebrag kind of observation. But also, we need to question Nick’s ability to understand/empathize with other people if he thinks he is on such a removed plane of existence from them. And of course since he just showed us that he is not actually all that honest only a paragraph ago, we need to realize that his narration is probably not completely factual/accurate/truthful. Plus, this observation comes at the end of the third chapter, after we've met all the major players finally - so it's like the board has been set, and now we finallt have enough informationto distrustour narrator. I guess we’re going with â€Å"Nick Carraway: World’s Most Honest Liar† on this one? Chapter 3 Analysis This is a good time to step back from the plot and the text to see how this chapter connects to the book's bigger picture. Themes and Symbols Money and Materialism. Nothing says Roaring 20s excess like the insane party Gatsby throws. In Nick’s description, it’s an explosion of decorations, food, alcohol, music, and anonymous guests who don’t even know the host. This, combined with the over-the-top level of entertainment he provides is jarring even for the wealthy West Egg crowd, and speaks to the materialism and conspicuous display of consumption the novel deplores. It’s interesting that Gatsby orchestrates but doesn’t participate in his extravaganzas – even the guests become display pieces of his wealth as he stands above them and watches. Society and Class. At the same time, we get a sense of the West Egg/East Egg divide as Jordan Baker’s East Egg friends stick together and do not mix with the rest of the guests, regarding them as vulgar and beneath them. Mutability of Identity. The beautifully decorated libraryfilled with books that have never been read speaks to Gatsby’s theatrical approach to crafting his new identity. He can create the trapping and appearance of an Oxford man, but doesn’t have the background or inner resources to actually be one.At the same time, the mystery around Gatsby deepens. We get new theories about his background - he killed a man, he was a German spy during the war, he went to Oxford. And we also see him doing all sorts of inexplicable things – taking business phone calls from Chicago and Philadelphia, telling Jordan something secret and fascinating, not actually partying at his own party. At the same time, we get the first glimpse into the â€Å"great† Gatsby – that dazzling smile that captivates Nick with its empathy and connection. Motifs: Sports.We get our second mention of organized sports in Nick’s brief description of a golf cheating scandal that Jordan was involved with. He chalks it up to her general tendency to lie. Golf is the perfect sport for Jordan to play. It is a game that is highly ordered by social rules and customs, so it fits neatly into her lying MO- she relies on the idea that accusing a woman of cheating is seen as ungentlemanly. Jordan Baker: using the staid rules of the behavior of the upper crust to leverage her golf game, like a boss. Crucial Character Beats Nick and Jordan meet the man with the owl-eyed spectacles (a mysterious and yet somehow important minor figure - later, he will be the only person who will show up to Gatsby’s funeral) who shows them Gatsby’s library of unread books. Like the rest of Gatsby’s life, this library is just window-dressing. We finally meet Gatsby! The title character of the book doesn’t appear until Chapter 3 – and by this point, he’s no longer just a man. He’s a myth and a legend. His actual appearance doesn’t dispel the mystery, but deepens it: why is he getting business phone calls on a weekend? How does a man as young as he is have this kind of money? Why doesn’t he participate in his own party? Why doesn’t Nick describe what he looks like (the way he does every other person in the book)? The owl-spectacles man and his even drunker companion crash a car that they have no idea how to drive. This alarming combination of driving and alcohol is here played for laughs, but is also an important bit of foreshadowing. The foreshadowing is laid on even thicker when Jordan says that as a careless driver, she relies on other people to watch out for her, and Nick points out the danger of two careless people meeting on the road. Present-day Nickinterrupts his story to let us know that the things that he is describing as significant now didn’t appear so at the time. This both shows how much his fascination with Gatsby has grown over time, and makes the novel’s heavy use of foreshadowing all the more significant. Nick and Jordan start dating, and he realizes that she is a compulsive liar. What’s Next? Learn more about what makes Jordan tick in preparation for the next chapter, when she will take over narrator duties for a while. Consider the role the motifs of music, alcohol, and sports play in the novel. Think about how Gatsby’s parties have been portrayed in the movie adaptations of this novel, since these are the scenes that have become iconic in the way Gatsby has seeped into the larger culture. Move on to the summary of Chapter 4, or revisit the summary of Chapter 2. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Politics and media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Politics and media - Research Paper Example For effective intersubjectivity, the producer of the message needs to adapt it according to receivers’ interpretive process. On the other hand in order to effectively understand the message, the receiver needs to interpret the message in accordance to its source. Key Challenges to Achieving Intersubjectivity in a Fractured Media Landscape The media landscape is changing. Presently people are shifting from traditional forms of media like newspaper and television to the web , blogs, RSS feeds and social media sites to obtain their news updates. Initially what had been a passive audience has now become active with the help of these non traditional media (Jisun. Et al, 2011). The users are now capable of filtering, sharing and commenting on news. Just like all walks of life, politics too has been greatly influenced by the new media. Since 2008, politicians would not think whether or not to use the new media, but how to incorporate it. President Obama is often cited as one of the k ey candidates who changed the face of political campaigning by utilizing networking sites like MySpace and Facebook. Some even claim that President Obama’s success in Iowa had a great deal to do with his ability to mobilize young voters through the new media (Perlmutter, 2008, p.160). He was effectively able to achieve intersubjectivity through his campaign by truly understanding the needs of his listeners. The youth generally perceived politics are dirty and didn’t want to get involved, through his campaign President Obama attempted to make politics inspiring and interesting. He also chose the best media—the social website to aggressively deliver the message. The use of SNS cannot be applied in all instance because according to a survey it was found that the greater the political involvement of a voter, the less likely they were to use SNS for political information. This suggests that although SNS is significant in the US as a political tool for furthering the same thoughts in politics or for campaigns and for acquiring support, other resources also need to be utilized to gain favor of politically active voters. According to the intersubjectivity groundwork set out by Hewes and Planalp, a similar concept was propagated by Hawkins and Daly who proposed that communication depends on knowledge. And in order to have effective communication cognition is mandatory. The producer of the message should be capable of relaying their intent and the receiver of the message must be able to attach cognitive meaning to them (Hawkins & Daly, 1988, p.222). In order to reach a consensual meaning of the message both the parties should have shared meaning and cognitive variables. Selective Reinforcing and Challenge Avoidance As we have established that cognition is vital to intersubjectivity, any lack thereof can result in failure to achieve intersubjectivity. Once the receiver or producer is engaging in selective reinforcement of the messages, they are alter ing the cognition. Through selective exposure, the receiver or producer picks the elements from the message that suits them and filters out the rest of the information. This selective exposure can enable them to intentionally focus their attention towards structural features or physiological characteristics—

Ethical dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Ethical dilemma - Essay Example The International labor Organization (ILO) 2007 statistics â€Å"there are about 218 million working children globally and accounting for about 20% of India’s GDP† (Gupta et.al 291). The annual cost of ending child labor includes the cost for providing income lost by the children and providing education. On the other hand, the benefit of eliminating child labor is more than seven times of that cost due to gains from increased human capital, fewer deaths from accidents and improved health (Gupta et.al 300). Therefore, child labor is a huge loss to the economy at large. The Kantianism principle would suggest all MNCs to apply strict child labor standards in all nations across the globe in order to eliminate overexploitation of children (Gupta et.al 301). The method used for acquiring the child labor such as kidnapping and buying children are harmful to the children. It results to health issues, compromising working and living conditions, underpayment, denies adults an opportunity for employment (Gupta et.al 291). The businesses with higher ethical standards have chance for long-term operations even though their income may not be very high. The consumers in host overseas countries expect MNCs to apply higher ethical standards than local companies (Gupta et.al 301) In conclusion, MNCs should set high child labor standards both in home country and overseas host countries to promote corporate social responsibility. The elimination of child labor will increase the productivity of the economy and eliminate exploitation of children. Gupta, Shruti; Pirsch, Julie & Girard, Tulay. An Empirical Examination of Multinational Ethical Dilemma: The Issue of Child Labor. â€Å"A Journal of Global Marketing, 23.† Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, (2010):

Bill Of Life Essay Example for Free

Bill Of Life Essay What is your life worth? Imagine a future in which those who are pro-life and those who are pro-choice have fought a second civil war over the sanctity of life. They end the war by compromising on a â€Å"Bill of Life† that states all pregnancies must come to term; however, parents and guardians have the right when their child is between the ages of thirteen and eighteen to abort them. The child does not die though. Each and every part of the child is kept alive; thus they are technically still alive, just in separate pieces. This process is known as â€Å"unwinding.† Once the unwind order is signed, no changes can be made; even if the parent changes their mind, it is irreversible. Connor discovers his own unwinding order after investigating tickets he finds, tickets to the Bahamas for everyone in his family, except for him. Connor is a good teen, but like many teens, his emotions can get the better of him and his parents have a hard time controlling him. Risa is a ward of the state of Ohio and the orphanage is overcrowded. She tries to convince the headmaster of her worth, but bungles her chance when she makes five mistakes at her piano recital. Lev rejoices in his destiny at a party solely dedicated to celebrating him and his life. Lev’s family is extremely devoted to their religion; Lev, as the tenth child in his family, is destined to be a human tithe, a human sacrifice. Lev enjoys the attention this brings and is happy to fulfill his destiny. These three teenagers meet when Connor decides to go AWOL and escape his unwinding order. The book develops through their, and others, alternating viewpoints of what happens to a teenager once the order is signed. Connor, Risa, and Lev’s journey to their future follows their growing recognition of what their life means to them. Shusterman teases the reader with just enough information to keep going, but continues to build this disturbing view of the future as the storyline develops. Mysterious references to clappers and storked babies are explained more fully later in the book and these people round out the unsettling forces at work in this troubled society. This very thought-provoking book would not leave my mind for days, or truthfully weeks, after reading it. This book has made the rounds of the youth services division and one of my co-workers still gives me grief over the books weeks after reading it. Not for the faint-hearted, especially as the reader learns more about the unwinding process, this disturbing novel will pluck at your mind and have you wondering what your life is worth.

Objectives of the Personnel Manager. :: Business and Management Studies

Objectives of the Personnel Manager. When the Personnel Manager is involved in recruiting new employees for the store he/she has to first has to look into the Internal and External Constraints. Whilst looking at this the Personnel Manager will have to decide weather the new recruit will stick to the terms of the job. As well as this the Personnel Manager will have to think if the new Member of the team will be able to fit in with the team at present or will he/she be subject to bullying or discrimination of any sort. As well as this aspect it could all be the other way round and the new employee may start to manipulate the other members of the team and start to bully and discriminate against them. Lastly the Personnel Manager will have to consult with the Finance Department and with the new employee on terms of - How much money he/she will get, How many sick days, How many days holiday etc. etc. The Objectives Of The Personnel Manager is to find ==================================================  · The right people at  · The right place at  · The right time with  · The right training. The Personnel manager has to find :- The Right people. This means that the Personnel Manager needs to find the right people for the job, this could mean that they need to have the right Qualities or Qualifications. Also these new people have to fit in with the way the business is currently run and the right attitude for this particular post of this job. The Right Place. This means that the chosen person must have the right post within the organisation. If the person is young and has never had a job, they will have to start off with a low post job and not in charge of anyone. Also you will have to know if the person is able to control over people. The right time. The new people have to have a job that will allow them to keep up with whatever commitments they have outside of work. i.e. if these people have young children they will have to be home early and come to work late so that they can meet their children. The Right Training. If these people are in a computer department they may need training to help them use particular software and programs as well as how to type efficiently. People may also need training if they are getting a promotion so they will need to know how to do things to a better standard, and they will probably be in control of more people

Enhancing Creativity: Enriching the Organization and Workplace Essay

1. Risk taking is acceptable to management: a. Management must recognize the risk/reward relationship and find organizational mechanisms for handling it. And it must communicate a clear understanding that reasonable risks are acceptable, since they are the handmaidens of progress. On the innovative front, two methods are available for dealing with risk: diversification and cheap failures. They can and should be used in concert. i. Diversification- allows companies to spread risk over many rolls of the dice, as opposed to betting the company on a single roll. Because one can never know in advance which ideas will be winners and which will be losers, having a diversified â€Å"portfolio† of ideas in play makes sense. ii. Cheap Failures- project or experiment that is terminated with the least possible outlay of resources—just enough to tell managers that â€Å"This isn’t going to work.† They back promising ideas with small budgets and look for ways to test th em with the least input of resources. Like card players, they quickly fold when they recognize that they have a weak hand. Conversely, they increase backing for strong ideas. 2. New ideas and new ways of doing things are welcomed b. The worst environment for creativity is one that is unwelcoming to new ideas. â€Å"We’ve been successful over the years by doing things this way, so why should we change?† An organization with this attitude is heading for trouble. In fairness, management is compelled to shoot down good ideas when (1) those ideas lack a strategic fit with the business, or (2) the organization lacks the resources to pursue them. In these cases, how- ever, management has a responsibility to communicate its reasoning to employees. Beyond welcoming new ideas, the organization should view innovation as a normal part of business—not a special activity practiced by a handful of employees. 3. Information is free flowing c. Information can stimulate thinking, which leads to idea generation. Many creative ideas are formed at the intersection of different lines of thought or technology. When people communicate and share information, they get ideas that haven’t been considered yet. In hierarchical firms, information is often hoarded as a source of organizational power. Information flows are controlled and channeled through the chain of command. People must demonstrate a â€Å"need to know† to have access to certain information. This control impedes the catalytic function of communication and limits opportunities for different pieces of information to intersect and combine in people’s minds. Managers can encourage the free flow of information in many ways: through e-mail, the physical co-location of team members, joint work sessions, and regular brown-bag lunches. 4. Employees have access to knowledge sources d. Knowledge is often the raw material of creative thought. Some companies have developed elaborate knowledge management systems to capture knowledge, store it, and make it easily avail- able for reuse. These systems help ensure that what was learned by someone in Unit A doesn’t have to be learned anew by someone in Unit B. iii. Another way to help employees tap sources of internal knowledge is through the creation of communities of interest. A community of interest is an informal group whose members share an interest in some technology or application. Whatever the interest may be, newsletters and periodic meetings held by these communities provide opportunities to share knowledge and spark the imagination. iv. External knowledge is equally important as a stimulant to innovation. External knowledge invigorates and adds vitality to organizations. Employees access that knowledge when they have opportunities to attend professional and scientific meetings and to visit customers and benchmarking partners, and when outside experts are brought in to share their know-how via lectures and workshops. 5. Good ideas are supported by executive patrons e. Organizations need people in high places who will champion good ideas and provide them with moral support and protection as they travel the bumpy road toward commercialization. Although executive patronage is often necessary for radical innovation, such support is not always well directed. Senior executives are not necessarily more clairvoyant than other managers, and they sometimes place their bets on the wrong ponies. Nevertheless, research points to executive patronage as an important contributor to radical innovation. 6. Innovators are rewarded f. Creativity will not flourish in the absence of a reward system that encourages individuals to stretch beyond the bounds of normal work. Creative energy is quickly dissipated and must be replenished some- how. Rewards serve this purpose. v. Recognition  vi. Control vii. Celebration viii. Rejuvenation g. Motivating reward can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic reward appeals to a person’s desire for self-actualization, curiosity, enjoyment, or interest in the work itself. An extrinsic reward appeals to a person’s desire for attainment distinct from the work itself: a cash bonus, a promotion, or stock options. Enriching the Physical Workplace a. Physical surroundings can also have an impact on creativity. Like the organizational environment, the physical environment can be engineered in ways that encourage higher creative output. For example, when an environment is filled with many types of stimuli and when it provides physical and electronic links between individuals, it encourages people to see new connections and to think more broadly. Workspace design and work effectiveness are linked. b. Organizational researchers have known for a long time that the frequency of communication between co-workers decreases dramatically as the physical distance between them increases. Workspace design and the physical location of project team members have a major impact on the depth of communication and knowledge sharing. c. The idea to improve the physical environment is to encourage the interactions that lead to information sharing and creative ideas. What is the nature of this article? The nature of this article is to provide with guidelines and examples of information regarding making the organization’s culture and physical workplace more supportive of creativity and innovation. How does the article relate to business, management and leadership, and what is its significance to the field of business? This article relates to business, management and leadership because it provides for guidelines and the sharing of information so that after you have put together a really hot team of creative people, the organization will no be condemned to having a team produce disappointing results due to an unfriendly environment to new ideas. The purpose of this article is to provide will the implementation of a system within the organization, both physically and culturally, to create a more supportive workplace that enhances creativity and innovation. What are the objectives of the article? The objectives of the articles are to provide an organization with useful information to create organizational enrichment through characteristics that support creativity and innovation. And to create an enriched physical workplace that allows having a positive impact on creativity. Examine the author’s position within the article, what assumptions do they make? Through the information and examples provided by the author, the reader is to believe that the implementation of such guidelines and useful information will create an organization whose environment is welcoming and friendly to creativity and innovation. That this implementation will create for a physical and cultural workplace that enriches the follow of generating new ideas and the share of vital information between employees and managers of the organization.